Constitution of India

The Indian Constitution, which was approved by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949, and took effect on January 26, 1950, governs the Republic.

The Constitution establishes a parliamentary form of government with some unitary characteristics and a federal framework. A constitution is a collection of rules and principles that set out how a state will be governed. It serves as the foundation for all decisions made by members of the legislature, the executive branch, and the courts.

In India, constitutional law serves as the guide for both substantive and procedural law.

Indian Penal Code, 1860

The country’s primary criminal code is the Indian Penal Code. It is a substantive law. It covers all criminal offenses, including those involving the use of force, theft, conspiracy, crimes against persons or property, violations of public order, etc. Under the IPC, anyone found guilty of a crime faces punishment.

The code came into force on January 1st, 1860 after undergoing many revisions and amendments by Barnes Peacock. The IPC in its various sections defines specific crimes and provides punishment for them. It is subdivided into 23 chapters that comprising 511 sections

The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973

It was enacted in 1973 and came into force on April 1, 1974. It is a procedural criminal law. The major objective of the Code of Criminal Procedure is to provide an opportunity for a fair trial to the accused according to the principle of natural justice. It requires the separation of the judiciary from the executive branch, allowing the state to operate impartially and independently of all other State organs creating an unbiased and independent Tribunal. The Code contains 484 sections spread along 37 chapters, along with 2 schedules and 56 forms.

Code of Civil Procedure , 1908

The Code of Civil Procedure, written in two parts where Part I comprises Sections 1 to 158 and Part II consists of orders, appendices, and forms, is procedural in nature.

It was implemented in 1859 alongside the Indian Penal Code by the 1st Law Commission. The purpose of this act is to differentiate criminal law procedures from civil suits.

All civil suits are governed under this Code of Civil Procedure Act.

This was amended a lot of times until the 1900s. It was re-enacted in 1908 and came into force on January 1, 1909. The Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, is a procedural law related to the administration of civil proceedings in India.

Transfer of Property Act , 1882

Transfer of Property Act 1882 regulates the transfer of property in India. It contains detailed guidelines on what counts as a transfer and the conditions that must be met. The Transfer of Property Act’s preamble states that it is connected to the transfer of property as defined by the Act of the Properties. The Transfer of Property Act of 1882 establishes a unified and precise legal framework for the act of parties transferring movable property from one living person to another. The Indian government drafted the Transfer of Property Act of 1882, which went into effect on July 1, 1882. The law covers every aspect of transferring property between living things. This act is an example of substantive law. The Act consists of 8 chapters and 137 sections.

Law of torts

Civil wrongs have remedies that are governed by tort law. Whether done unintentionally or on purpose, a person is responsible for the wrongdoing. The payment of damages is used to make up for the injured or harmed person.

The goal of tort law is to relieve victims of the wrongdoings of others by compensating them financially. It was made in the middle of the 19th century when tort law was still considered to be relatively underdeveloped globally. The first American treatise on torts was written in the 1860s, but Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.’s writings on the topic in the 1880s helped establish the field. The Law of torts is also an example of substantive civil law.

The Indian Contract Act , 1872

One of our nation’s first commercial laws is the Indian Contract Act. It is applicable to all of India, with the exception of Jammu & Kashmir, and came into force on September 1st, 1872. It is the main law governing contracts in India and consists of a total of 266 sections.

All business dealings in India are governed by the Indian Contract Act of 1872, a thorough legal framework. The act outlines the guidelines that must be followed while making a contract and offers remedies in the event of a breach. It is one of India’s oldest acts and has undergone numerous revisions throughout the years to reflect shifting economic conditions. It is Substantive civil law in nature.

The Companies Act, 2013

The Companies Act 2013 is a statute on Indian company law passed by the Indian Parliament that governs a company’s incorporation, its duties, its directors, and its dissolution.

The Companies Act of 2013 was approved by the President on August 29, 2013, and on August 30, 2013, it was published in the Indian Gazette.

It is procedural in nature. It is divided into 29 chapters containing 470 sections and has 7 schedules.

The Indian Evidence Act of 1872

It came into force on September 1st, 1872, and is fundamentally a procedural law, but in certain parts, it also acts as substantive law. It has 11 chapters and 167 sections.

 According to this Act, evidence may be provided in any suit or procedure of the existence or absence of all the facts in an issue and other facts that are proclaimed to be important for that issue.

The Indian Evidence Act of 1872 codifies, clarifies, and changes the country’s evidence laws. A number of rules regarding examination, relevance, admissibility, and factual evidence are contained in the Indian Evidence Act. Confessions, character significance, the standard of proof in criminal cases, last will and testaments, professional judgments, and different phases of witness interrogation.

The Consumer Protection Act of 1986

Easy and quick reimbursement for customer complaints under consumer protection It protects customers and encourages them to speak up against deficiencies and defects in products and services. This law safeguards consumers’ rights if retailers and producers engage in illegal activity.

The Consumer Protection Bill of 1986 was passed in an effort to better safeguard the interests of consumers, and it includes provisions for the establishment of consumer councils and other organizations for handling related issues as well as consumer dispute settlement.

Both Houses of Parliament approved the Consumer Protection Bill of 1986, and on December 24th, 1986, the President gave his assent, and the Consumer Protection Act of 1986 was enforced.

It contains 4 chapters and 31 sections.

The Motor Vehicle Act ,1988

Any driver must possess a current driver’s license in accordance with the motor vehicle laws, and no vehicle may be used without being registered in accordance with the statute.

It was made to control every aspect of vehicle transportation in the nation, and the Indian Parliament approved the Motor Vehicle Act. Different rules apply to automobile registration, insurance, traffic laws, licenses, and other sanctions.

The Motor Vehicles Act of 1988 was passed on July 1, 1989.

It contains 14 chapters and 217 sections.

The Limitation Act

The Limitation Act’s particular requirements are binding on Indian courts, and they are not allowed to go outside of its purview. The Limitation Act prescribes different time limits for lawsuits, petitions, and applications. If the applicant or appellant, as the case may be, provides sufficient justification for not making it in time, the court may also admit an application or appeal even after the prescribed term of limitation has passed.

Administrative law

An important component of the Indian government is administrative law. It makes sure that government officials abide by the Indian Constitution and respect the rights of their constituents. The administration of particular laws is governed by administrative law in India. It is also intended to guide the choices made by administrators when carrying out their duties associated with administrative discretion.

The body of laws practices, and judicial institutions influencing how government agencies carry out legislation and manage public programs are referred to as administrative law. Administrative law thus affects crucial political and social ideals like democracy, justice, and effectiveness.

Interpretation of Statutes

The proper application of the law is through statutory interpretation. The courts frequently use this method to determine the precise legislative purpose. Because the goal of the court is to apply the law meaningfully to each individual instance, rather than just reading it. It is also utilized to determine the actual connotation of any Act or document in relation to the legislature’s actual intentions.

International Law

International law, often known as public international law or the law of nations, is the collection of laws that govern relations between sovereign states and other organizations that are regarded as international actors under the law.

Jurisprudence

Jurisprudence is the study of the principles and practice of law. It is the science that deals with the application of principles, rules, and doctrines to particular cases. It examines how laws are interpreted, applied, and enforced by courts. The purpose of jurisprudence is to provide a logical framework for understanding legal concepts, as well as to identify areas where further research is needed. The main branches of jurisprudence include public law, private law, criminal law, international law, and constitutional law. By studying these branches in detail, one can gain a better understanding of how laws are made and enforced in different countries around the world.

Corporate Law

Corporate law is an important subject that deals with the formation, organization, and operation of corporations. It also covers the legal relationships between a corporation and its stakeholders, including shareholders, directors, officers, employees, creditors, customers, suppliers, and competitors. Corporate law has a wide range of applications in business transactions and provides protection for all parties involved. This article will discuss the various aspects of corporate law and how it affects businesses in today’s world.

Land Laws

Land law is a complex subject that deals with the rights and responsibilities of individuals, businesses, and governments when it comes to land ownership. It covers a wide range of topics including property rights, zoning laws, environmental regulations, and land use planning. Understanding the fundamentals of land law is essential for anyone who wants to buy or sell a property or develop real estate. 

Family law

Family law is a branch of the legal system that deals with issues related to family relationships. It covers a wide range of topics such as marriage, divorce, adoption, child custody and support, alimony, and other matters that involve family members. In addition to providing guidance on legal issues, family law also helps people understand their rights and obligations within the context of their familial relationships. It is important for individuals to be aware of their rights and responsibilities in order to ensure a peaceful resolution of any disputes that arise between them.

Labour Law

Labour law in India is a comprehensive set of rules and regulations that govern the employment relationship between employers and employees. It governs the rights, duties, and obligations of both parties in order to ensure a fair and safe workplace. It also provides guidelines on minimum wages, working hours, leave policies, workplace safety standards, termination procedures, and more. Labour law in India is constantly evolving to keep up with changing times and ensure that all workers are treated fairly. This article will provide an overview of the various labour laws in India along with their purpose and implications for employers and employees.

Taxation Law

Taxation law is an important part of the legal system. It is a complex and ever-evolving area of law that affects businesses, individuals, and governments alike. It is essential for all parties to understand their obligations under the law in order to ensure compliance with taxation rules and regulations. This article will explore the various aspects of taxation law, including its history, current use cases, and potential changes in the future.

Arbitration and Conciliation Act

Arbitration and conciliation are two forms of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) that are used to resolve civil disputes outside of the traditional court system. The Arbitration and Conciliation Act is legislation that provides for the enforcement of arbitration agreements, as well as the procedure for conducting arbitrations and conciliations. This act provides a framework for parties to resolve their disputes in an efficient and cost-effective manner, without having to resort to costly legal proceedings. This article will provide an overview of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, including its scope, objectives, and various provisions.

Legal Method Research

Legal method research is a process of utilizing various legal resources to gain an understanding of the law. It involves using a variety of sources such as statutes, case law, and other legal materials to research and analyze legal issues. This type of research is essential for lawyers, paralegals, and other legal professionals who need to understand the nuances of the law in order to provide effective legal advice. It also helps those who are studying or teaching the law by providing them with up-to-date information on various topics. Legal method research can be used in many areas such as contract disputes, criminal defense, civil litigation, family law and more.